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---- Shia Mujahedeen: * Harakat i-Islami〔 * Afghan Hezbollah * Nasr Party (IVOA)〔 * COIRGA * Shura Party * IRM * UOIF * Raad Party ---- Maoist factions: *ALO *SAMA *AMFFF |commander1 = Leonid Brezhnev Yuri Andropov Konstantin Chernenko Mikhail Gorbachev Dmitriy Ustinov Sergei Sokolov Dmitriy Yazov Valentin Varennikov Igor Rodionov Boris Gromov Babrak Karmal Mohammad Najibullah Abdul Rashid Dostum Abdul Qadir Shahnawaz Tanai Mohammed Rafie |commander2 = Ahmad Shah Massoud Abdul Haq Abdullah Azzam Ismail Khan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Jalaluddin Haqqani Mohammad Nabi Naqib Alikozai Abdul Rahim Wardak Fazal Haq Mujahid Burhanuddin Rabbani ---- Muhammad Asif Muhsini Assef Kandahari Sayeed Ali Begeshti Mosbah Sade ---- Mulavi Dawood (AMFFF) |strength1 = Soviet Forces: * 115,000 at peak Afghan Forces: * 55,000 |strength2 = Mujahideen: 200,000–250,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Afghanistan hits Soviet milestone – Army News )〕 |casualties1 = Soviet Forces: 14,453 killed (total) * 9,500 killed in combat〔 * 4,000 died from wounds〔 * 1,000 died from disease and accidents〔 53,753 wounded〔 264 missing 451 aircraft (including 333 helicopters) 147 tanks 1,314 IFV/APCs 433 artillery guns and mortars 11,369 cargo and fuel tanker trucks Afghan Forces: 18,000 killed |casualties2 = Mujahideen: 75,000–90,000 killed, 75,000+ wounded (tentative estimate) Pakistan: 300+ killed 1 F-16 fighter jet shot down〔Markovskiy, Victor (1997). "Жаркое небо Афганистана: Часть IX" (Sky of Afghanistan: Part IX ). Авиация и время (and Time ) (in Russian) p.28〕 Iran: 2 AH-1J helicopters shot down unknown killed〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Soviet Air-to-Air Victories of the Cold War )〕 |casualties3 = Civilians (Afghan): 850,000–1,500,000 killed〔Noor Ahmad Khalidi, ("Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978-87," ) ''Central Asian Survey'', vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.〕〔Marek Sliwinski, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People," ''Orbis'' (Winter, 1989), p.39.〕 5 million refugees outside of Afghanistan 2 million internally displaced persons Around 3 million Afghans wounded (mostly civilians)〔Hilali, A. (2005). US–Pakistan relationship: Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co. (p.198)〕 }} The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups ("the Mujahideen") who received aid from several Western countries and several Muslim countries, fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces. Between 850,000–1.5 million civilians were killed〔〔 and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. Prior to the arrival of Soviet troops, the pro-Soviet Nur Mohammad Taraki government took power in a 1978 coup and initiated a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country.〔(Bennett Andrew(1999); ''A bitter harvest: Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and its effects on Afghan political movements'' )(Retrieved February 4, 2007)〕 Vigorously suppressing any opposition from among the traditional Muslim Afghans, the government arrested thousands and executed as many of 27,000 political prisoners.〔before the Soviet Intervention of December 1979〕 By April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion and by December the government had lost control of territory outside of the cities. In response to Afghan government requests, the Soviet government under leader Leonid Brezhnev first sent covert troops to advise and support the Afghani government, but on December 24, 1979, began the first deployment of the 40th Army.〔("Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan" ). BBC News. Published February 17, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2009.〕 Arriving in the capital Kabul, they staged a coup, killing the Afghan President, and installing a rival Afghan socialist (Babrak Karmal).〔 In January 1980, foreign ministers from 34 nations of the Islamic Conference adopted a resolution demanding "the immediate, urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops" from Afghanistan, while the UN General Assembly passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention by a vote of 104–18.〔 Afghan insurgents began to receive massive amounts of aid, military training in neighboring Pakistan and China,〔 paid for primarily by the United States and Arab monarchies in the Persian Gulf.〔〔Total aid from the CIA is estimated at $3 billion. The precise figures as well as a description of the mechanics of the aid process are given in Barnett R. Rubin, ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan.'' Yale University Press, 2002〕〔According to Milton Bearden, former CIA chief in charge of the Afghan department, "The Saudi dollar-for-dollar match with the US taxpayer was fundamental to the success (the ten-year engagement in Afghanistan )" (from (Milton Bearden ) Interview. PBS Frontline.)〕〔 Soviet troops occupied the cities and main axis of communication, while the mujahideen waged guerrilla war in small groups operating in the almost 80 percent of the country that escaped government and Soviet control.〔Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). ''Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation''. Washington D.C.: NDU Press, p. 127.〕 Soviets used their air power to deal harshly with the Afghan rebels, leveling villages to deny safe haven to the enemy, destroying vital irrigation ditches, and laying millions of land mines.〔Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Robert D. Kaplan, (New York : Vintage Departures, 2001. p.128) "... the farmer told Wakhil (translator ) about all the irrigation ditches that had been blown up by fighter jets, and the flooding in the valley and malaria outbreak that followed. Malaria, which on the eve of Taraki's Communist coup in April 1978 was at the point of being eradicated in Afghanistan, had returned with a vengeance, thanks to the stagnant, mosquito-breeding pools caused by the widespread destruction of irrigation systems. Nangarhar () was rife with the disease. This was another relatively minor, tedious side effect of the Soviet invasion."〕 By the mid-1980s the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased throughout the country, but the military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high.〔 By mid 1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev, announced it would start withdrawing its forces. The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989. The war was considered part of the Cold War. Due to its length it has sometimes been referred to as the "Soviet Union's Vietnam War" or the "Bear Trap" by the Western media, and thought to be a contributing factor to the fall of the Soviet Union. ==Background== The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was formed after the Saur Revolution on April 27, 1978. The government was one with a pro-poor, pro-farmer and socialistic agenda. It had close relations with the Soviet Union. On December 5, 1978, a friendship treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan. Russian military involvement in Afghanistan has a long history, going back to Tsarist expansions in the so-called "Great Game" between Russia and Britain. This began in the 19th century with such events as the Panjdeh Incident, a military skirmish that occurred in 1885 when Russian forces seized Afghan territory south of the Oxus River around an oasis at Panjdeh. This interest in the region continued on through the Soviet era, with billions in economic and military aid sent to Afghanistan between 1955 and 1978.〔Rubin, Barnett R. ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. p. 20.〕 In February 1979 the United States Ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was kidnapped by Setami Milli militants and was later killed during an assault carried out by the Afghan police, assisted by Soviet advisers. The death of the U.S. Ambassador led to a major degradation in Afghanistan–United States relations. In the Middle East drastic changes were taking place concurrent with the upheavals in Afghanistan caused by the Saur Revolution. In February 1979, the Islamic Revolution ousted the American-backed Shah from Iran, making the US lose one of its most powerful allies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Understanding the Iran Contra Affairs )〕 The United States then deployed twenty ships to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea including two aircraft carriers, and there was a constant stream of threats of warfare between the US and Iran. March 1979 marked the signing of the U.S.-backed peace agreement between Israel and Egypt. The Soviet leadership saw the agreement as a major advantage for the United States. One Soviet newspaper stated that Egypt and Israel were now "gendarmes of the Pentagon". The Soviets viewed the treaty not only as a peace agreement between their erstwhile allies in Egypt and the U.S.-supported Israelis but also as a military pact. In addition, the U.S. sold more than 5,000 missiles to Saudi Arabia and also supplied the Royalist rebels in the North Yemen Civil War against the Nasserist government. Also, the Soviet Union's previously strong relations with Iraq had recently soured. In June 1978, Iraq began entering into friendlier relations with the Western world and buying French and Italian-made weapons, though the vast majority still came from the Soviet Union, its Warsaw Pact allies, and China. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Soviet–Afghan War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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